URGENCY HOSPITALIZATIONS FOR INGUINAL HERNIA IN BRAZIL FROM 2010 TO 2019: MORTALITY AND COSTS IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM.

BACKGROUND: It is known that elective inguinal hernioplasties are safe procedures, but in an emergency setting, they have higher rates of complications and hospital costs. Despite this, quantitative studies on the subject in Brazil are still scarce. AIMS: To evaluate the trend in hospitalization rates, hospital mortality, and costs for inguinal hernia in an emergency, regarding gender and age group. METHODS: This is a time series study with data from the Unified Health System (SUS), at the national level, from 2010 to 2019. RESULTS: The overall hospitalization rate (p=0.007; b<0,02) in all age groups (p<0.005; b<0) in both genders indicated a decreasing trend. The general mortality rate in both genders and in most age groups showed an increasing trend (p<0.005), as well as the cost of hospitalization in all age groups of both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Urgent hospitalization rates for inguinal hernia in Brazil have shown a steady or decreasing trend; however, hospital mortality and costs per hospitalization have demonstrated an increasing trend in recent years.

Urgency hospitalizations for inguinal hernia in brazil from 2010 to 2019: mortality and costs in the public health system / Hospitalizações de urgência para hérnias inguinais no brasil de 2010 a 2019: mortalidade e custos no sistema único de saúde (sus)

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: It is known that elective inguinal hernioplasties are safe procedures, but in an emergency setting, they have higher rates of complications and hospital costs. Despite this, quantitative studies on the subject in Brazil are still scarce. AIMS: To evaluate the trend in hospitalization rates, hospital mortality, and costs for inguinal hernia in an emergency, regarding gender and age group. METHODS: This is a time series study with data from the Unified Health System (SUS), at the national level, from 2010 to 2019. RESULTS: The overall hospitalization rate (p=0.007; b<0,02) in all age groups (p<0.005; b<0) in both genders indicated a decreasing trend. The general mortality rate in both genders and in most age groups showed an increasing trend (p<0.005), as well as the cost of hospitalization in all age groups of both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Urgent hospitalization rates for inguinal hernia in Brazil have shown a steady or decreasing trend; however, hospital mortality and costs per hospitalization have demonstrated an increasing trend in recent years.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Sabe-se que as hernioplastias inguinais eletivas são procedimentos seguros, mas que, em caráter de urgência, têm maiores taxas de complicações e custos hospitalares. Apesar disso, ainda são escassos os estudos quantitativos sobre o tema no Brasil. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a tendência das taxas de internação, mortalidade hospitalar e custos por hérnia inguinal em caráter de urgência, quanto ao sexo e faixa etária. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de séries temporais com dados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em nível nacional, no período de 2010 a 2019. RESULTADOS: A taxa de internação geral (p=0,007; b<0,02) em todas as faixas etárias (p<0,005; b<0) nos dois sexos indicou tendência decrescente. A taxa de mortalidade geral em ambos os sexos e na maioria das faixas etárias apresentou tendência crescente (p<0,005), assim como o custo da internação em todas as faixas etárias de ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de internação em caráter de urgência por hérnia inguinal, no Brasil, apresentaram tendência estacionária ou decrescente, entretanto, a mortalidade hospitalar e os custos por internação mostraram tendência crescente nos últimos anos.

Polysaccharide-Based Membrane Biocompatibility Study of Anacardium occidentale L. and Polyvinyl Alcohol after Subcutaneous Implant in Rats.

Polymeric membranes are a viable and sustainable option for the biotechnology industry from an economic and environmental point of view. In this study, we evaluated tissue response and tolerance to the implantation of a polymeric membrane prepared with cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) associated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The objective was to characterize the biocompatibility of the CGP/PVA membrane in vivo. Following the evaluation criteria of the ISO 10993-6 standard, we demonstrated that the CGP/PVA membrane showed moderate tissue reaction, with a non-irritating ISO pattern, a thinner fibrous capsule, and a smaller amount of collagen compared to the positive control group. At 30 and 60 days, the membrane presented a similar amount of mast cells to that observed in the negative control group. The data demonstrate that the CGP/PVA membrane presents biocompatibility in accordance with the ISO 10993-6 standard.

Endoscopic transposition with the hernial sac (eTHS) in ventral hernia repair - technical description.

Incisional hernia is a late complication of the most frequent after abdominal surgeries, with resulting morbidity that can worsen the condition. The treatment has been done both by open techniques, using screens or not, and by laparoscopic and robotic methods, which use them systematically. However, introducing a permanent foreign body into the tissues requires more surgical time, despite not closing the parietal defect in most cases and a higher risk of infections. New technologies have been trying to improve these results, with absorbable prostheses (biological or synthetic), but their high cost and recurrences remain a severe problem. Even so, standard repair establishes reinforcement with screens, routine, and whether the approach is traditional or mini-invasive. The authors report their first case of endoscopic repair of incisional hernia, which occurred two years ago, with a Brazilian technique already fifty years old: the transposition with the hernia sac proposed by Prof. Alcino Lázaro da Silva in 1971.

Endoscopic transposition with the hernial sac (eTHS) in ventral hernia repair - technical description / Transposição endoscópica do saco herniário (TeSH) no tratamento da hérnia ventral - descrição da técnica

ABSTRACT Incisional hernia is a late complication of the most frequent after abdominal surgeries, with resulting morbidity that can worsen the condition. The treatment has been done both by open techniques, using screens or not, and by laparoscopic and robotic methods, which use them systematically. However, introducing a permanent foreign body into the tissues requires more surgical time, despite not closing the parietal defect in most cases and a higher risk of infections. New technologies have been trying to improve these results, with absorbable prostheses (biological or synthetic), but their high cost and recurrences remain a severe problem. Even so, standard repair establishes reinforcement with screens, routine, and whether the approach is traditional or mini-invasive. The authors report their first case of endoscopic repair of incisional hernia, which occurred two years ago, with a Brazilian technique already fifty years old: the transposition with the hernia sac proposed by Prof. Alcino Lázaro da Silva in 1971.

RESUMO A hérnia incisional é uma das complicações tardias mais frequentes, após operações abdominais, resultando em alta morbidade. O tratamento tem sido feito tanto por técnicas abertas, com telas ou sem, quanto por métodos laparoscópicos e robóticos, que utilizam próteses de forma sistemática. No entanto, a introdução de um corpo estranho permanente entre os tecidos requer mais tempo cirúrgico, não fecha o defeito parietal na maioria dos casos e está associado a maior risco de infecções. Novas tecnologias têm sido utilizadas para melhorar esses resultados, empregando próteses absorvíveis (biológicas ou sintéticas), mas o alto custo e as recidivas continuam sendo um grave problema. No entanto, a reparação padrão rotineiramente estabelece reforço com telas, seja na abordagem tradicional ou minimamente invasiva. Os autores relatam o primeiro caso do reparo endoscópico de hérnia incisional, usando técnica brasileira com 50 anos de idade: a transposição com o saco herniário, conforme proposta pelo Prof. Alcino Lázaro da Silva, em 1971.

Tracking stem cells in the incisional hernial sac: a gaze beyond pure tissue repairs.

OBJECTIVE: the hernial sac is typically a bilayer structure consisting of connective tissue lined underneath by peritoneum. Some incidental findings on it, like smooth muscle cells and heterotopic ossification, can be explained as the end-stage metaplasia from undifferentiated cells. This study aimed to search for mesenchymal stem cells in the incisional hernial sac by an immuno-histochemistry screening test. METHODS: fifteen specimens of them were submitted to histochemistry analysis using CD133 monoclonal antibodies, a specific marker of mesenchymal stem cells. The biopsies were obtained from patients submitted to pure tissue repair for incisional hernias - the transposition with the hernial sac technique (Lázaro da Silva, 1971). RESULTS: two-thirds of the specimens expressed on average 20 (twenty) CD133+ cells in each one. CONCLUSION: despite the screening nature of this study, the hernial sac may be considered a source of stem cells. This could explain those abnormal findings, and perhaps the induction of new fibroblasts in procedures that use it to optimize wound healing.

Tracking stem cells in the incisional hernial sac: a gaze beyond pure tissue repairs / Rastreando células-tronco no saco herniário incisional: um olhar para além dos reparos puramente teciduais

ABSTRACT Objective: the hernial sac is typically a bilayer structure consisting of connective tissue lined underneath by peritoneum. Some incidental findings on it, like smooth muscle cells and heterotopic ossification, can be explained as the end-stage metaplasia from undifferentiated cells. This study aimed to search for mesenchymal stem cells in the incisional hernial sac by an immuno-histochemistry screening test. Methods: fifteen specimens of them were submitted to histochemistry analysis using CD133 monoclonal antibodies, a specific marker of mesenchymal stem cells. The biopsies were obtained from patients submitted to pure tissue repair for incisional hernias - the transposition with the hernial sac technique (Lázaro da Silva, 1971). Results: two-thirds of the specimens expressed on average 20 (twenty) CD133+ cells in each one. Conclusion: despite the screening nature of this study, the hernial sac may be considered a source of stem cells. This could explain those abnormal findings, and perhaps the induction of new fibroblasts in procedures that use it to optimize wound healing.

RESUMO Objetivo: o saco herniário é tipicamente uma estrutura de duas camadas, constituída de tecido conjuntivo revestido por peritônio. Alguns achados incidentais, como células musculares lisas e ossificação heterotópica, podem ser explicados como o estágio final de metaplasia das células indiferenciadas que habitam o saco herniário. Este estudo teve como objetivo procurar células-tronco adultas no saco herniário incisional por um teste de triagem imuno-histoquímica. Métodos: quinze espécimes foram submetidos à análise histoquímica utilizando anticorpos monoclonais CD133, um marcador específico de células-tronco mesenquimais. As biópsias foram obtidas de pacientes submetidos ao reparo cirúrgico de hérnias incisionais, segundo a técnica da transposição com o saco herniário, proposta por Lázaro da Silva em 1971. Resultados: dois terços das amostras expressaram em média 20 (vinte) células CD133+ cada uma. Conclusão: apesar da natureza apenas de triagem deste estudo, o saco herniário pode ser considerado uma fonte de células-tronco em potencial. Isso poderia explicar aqueles achados anormais e talvez a indução de novos fibroblastos em procedimentos que o utilizam para otimizar a cicatrização dessas feridas.

Guidelines of the Brazilian Hernia Society (BHS) for the management of inguinocrural hernias in adults. / Orientações da Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnia (SBH) para o manejo das hérnias inguinocrurais em adultos.

Inguinal hernias are a frequent problem and their repair is the most commonly performed procedure by general surgeons. In the last years, new principles, products and techniques have changed the routine of surgeons, who need to recycle knowledge and perfect new skills. In addition, old concepts regarding surgical indication and risk of complications have been reevaluated. In order to create a guideline for the management of inguinal hernias in adult patients, the Brazilian Hernia Society assembled a group of experts to review various topics, such as surgical indication, perioperative management, surgical techniques, complications and postoperative guidance.

As hérnias inguinais são um problema frequente e o seu reparo representa a cirurgia mais comumente realizada por cirurgiões gerais. Nos últimos anos, novos princípios, produtos e técnicas têm mudado a rotina dos cirurgiões que precisam reciclar conhecimentos e aperfeiçoar novas habilidades. Além disso, antigos conceitos sobre indicação cirúrgica e riscos de complicações vêm sendo reavaliados. Visando criar um guia de orientações sobre o manejo das hérnias inguinais em pacientes adultos, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnias reuniu um grupo de experts com objetivo de revisar diversos tópicos, como indicação cirúrgica, manejo perioperatório, técnicas cirúrgicas, complicações e orientações pós-operatórias.

Relaxation incisions and tensile strength in the abdominal wall of pigs.

PURPOSE: To analyze the resistance to medial traction of abdominal wall muscles, before and after performing relaxing incisions. METHODS: Seventeen live pigs were used. After a median laparotomy, the handles were made in the rectus abdominis muscles (RAM) to fit the dynamometer. Step 1 (control phase): tensile strength measured without performing relaxant incisions. Step 2: A curvilinear relaxant incision was made on the anterior blade of the right RAM sheath and then the tensile strength was measured by the edge of the wound. The same procedure was adopted after incision of the left posterior blade. Step 3: Relaxing incisions were made in the right posterior and left anterior blade, so that both sides were left with a relaxing incision on both blades. Measurements of resistance were performed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the sides. On the right and left side, all treatments reduced the tensile strength when compared to each other and to the control. There was a reduction of 12% and 9.8% after incision of the anterior and posterior blade, respectively. CONCLUSION: Relaxing incisions reduced tensile strength in the ventral abdominal wall.

Relaxation incisions and tensile strength in the abdominal wall of pigs

Abstract Purpose To analyze the resistance to medial traction of abdominal wall muscles, before and after performing relaxing incisions. Methods Seventeen live pigs were used. After a median laparotomy, the handles were made in the rectus abdominis muscles (RAM) to fit the dynamometer. Step 1 (control phase): tensile strength measured without performing relaxant incisions. Step 2: A curvilinear relaxant incision was made on the anterior blade of the right RAM sheath and then the tensile strength was measured by the edge of the wound. The same procedure was adopted after incision of the left posterior blade. Step 3: Relaxing incisions were made in the right posterior and left anterior blade, so that both sides were left with a relaxing incision on both blades. Measurements of resistance were performed. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the sides. On the right and left side, all treatments reduced the tensile strength when compared to each other and to the control. There was a reduction of 12% and 9.8% after incision of the anterior and posterior blade, respectively. Conclusion Relaxing incisions reduced tensile strength in the ventral abdominal wall.

Orientações da Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnia (SBH) para o manejo das hérnias inguinocrurais em adultos / Guidelines of the Brazilian Hernia Society (BHS) for the management of inguinocrural hernias in adults

RESUMO As hérnias inguinais são um problema frequente e o seu reparo representa a cirurgia mais comumente realizada por cirurgiões gerais. Nos últimos anos, novos princípios, produtos e técnicas têm mudado a rotina dos cirurgiões que precisam reciclar conhecimentos e aperfeiçoar novas habilidades. Além disso, antigos conceitos sobre indicação cirúrgica e riscos de complicações vêm sendo reavaliados. Visando criar um guia de orientações sobre o manejo das hérnias inguinais em pacientes adultos, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hérnias reuniu um grupo de experts com objetivo de revisar diversos tópicos, como indicação cirúrgica, manejo perioperatório, técnicas cirúrgicas, complicações e orientações pós-operatórias.

ABSTRACT Inguinal hernias are a frequent problem and their repair is the most commonly performed procedure by general surgeons. In the last years, new principles, products and techniques have changed the routine of surgeons, who need to recycle knowledge and perfect new skills. In addition, old concepts regarding surgical indication and risk of complications have been reevaluated. In order to create a guideline for the management of inguinal hernias in adult patients, the Brazilian Hernia Society assembled a group of experts to review various topics, such as surgical indication, perioperative management, surgical techniques, complications and postoperative guidance.

[Heterotopic ossification in incisional hernia sac]. / Ossificação heterotópica em saco herniário incisional.

The heterotopic ossification (HO) on abdominal scars is a rare but very unconfortable finding. It causes pain, induration and discomfort in the scar, leading patients to undergo reoperation. This report aims to describe a case of HO, and especially to call attention of surgeons to fibroblast transforming potential, once its close relationship with HO is undeniable. Therefore the surgeon should endeavor all atempts on good surgical practice to avoid HO occurrence. He should also associate pure tissue repair techniques to prosthetic management of incisional hernias, in the hope that patient's fibroblast grow factors can be offered to the wound healing as a biologically reinforcement of the repair.

Ossificação heterotópica em saco herniário incisional / Heterotopic ossification in incisional hernia sac

O achado de ossificação heterotópica (OH) sobre cicatriz cirúrgica abdominal é um evento raro, mas que soma morbidade ao paciente. Manifesta-se por dor, endurecimento ou desconforto na cicatriz, levando a novas abordagens cirúrgicas. Relatamos um caso de OH no saco herniário incisional com o objetivo precípuo de chamar a atenção para o potencial "totipotente" do fibroblasto, já que sua íntima relação com a OH é inegável. A partir dessa prerrogativa, qualquer forma de tratamento das hérnias incisionais deveria associar o reparo tecidual ao uso de prótese (tela), para enriquecê-lo com os fibroblastos e seus fatores de crescimento celular do próprio paciente, todos autólogos e prontos para uso. A tática é oferecer uma abordagem combinada ou mista, com menores chances de recidiva na correção dessas afecções.

The heterotopic ossification (HO) on abdominal scars is a rare but very unconfortable finding. It causes pain, induration and discomfort in the scar, leading patients to undergo reoperation. This report aims to describe a case of HO, and especially to call attention of surgeons to fibroblast transforming potential, once its close relationship with HO is undeniable. Therefore the surgeon should endeavor all atempts on good surgical practice to avoid HO occurrence. He should also associate pure tissue repair techniques to prosthetic management of incisional hernias, in the hope that patient's fibroblast grow factors can be offered to the wound healing as a biologically reinforcement of the repair.

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate composite - polypropylene mesh for preventing peritoneal adhesions in female dogs.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the lining facing the visceral side of polypropylene mesh made with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (p(HEMA)) hydrogel could avoid peritoneal adhesion in female dogs. METHODS: Eight animals (group PP) had a polypropylene mesh implanted to correct a defect in the rectal abdominal muscle, whereas in the other group (group PH) the polypropylene mesh was coated with p(HEMA) composite on the surface facing the peritoneal area. RESULTS: Adhesions were observed on the mesh in 62.5% of the PP group. In the PH group adhesions were present only on the suture lines. CONCLUSION: p(HEMA) hydrogel was well tolerated and effective in avoiding visceral and omental adhesions on the surface of the polypropylene mesh.

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate composite - polypropylene mesh for preventing peritoneal adhesions in female dogs / Compósito 2-hidroxietil dimetacrilato-tela de polipropileno para prevenção de aderências peritoneais em cadelas

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the lining facing the visceral side of polypropylene mesh made with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (p(HEMA)) hydrogel could avoid peritoneal adhesion in female dogs. METHODS: Eight animals (group PP) had a polypropylene mesh implanted to correct a defect in the rectal abdominal muscle, whereas in the other group (group PH) the polypropylene mesh was coated with p(HEMA) composite on the surface facing the peritoneal area. RESULTS: Adhesions were observed on the mesh in 62.5 percent of the PP group. In the PH group adhesions were present only on the suture lines. CONCLUSION: p(HEMA) hydrogel was well tolerated and effective in avoiding visceral and omental adhesions on the surface of the polypropylene mesh.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o revestimento da face visceral de uma tela de polipropileno com 2-hidroxietil dimetacrilato (p(HEMA)) poderia evitar aderências peritoniais em cadelas. MÉTODOS: Em oito animais (Grupo PP) foram implantadas telas de polipropileno para correção de um defeito do músculo reto abdominal, enquanto em outro grupo (Grupo PH) fez-se a implantação de uma tela de polipropileno cuja face peritonial foi revestida por 2-hidroxietil dimetacrilato (p(HEMA)). RESULTADOS: Foram observados 62,5 por cento de aderências peritoniais sobre a tela nos animais do Grupo PP, enquanto que no Grupo PH estas não ocorreram, exceto sobre a linha se sutura. CONCLUSÃO: O hidrogel de p(HEMA) foi bem tolerado pelos animais e mostrou-se efetivo na prevenção das aderências viscerais e omentais sobre a tela de polipropileno.

Reconstrução abdominal tardia sem tensão após laparostomia: uma nova técnica / Delayed tension-free closure after laparostomy: a new technique

OBJETIVO: A reconstrução abdominal tardia após laparostomia é sempre um procedimento desafiador para o cirurgião devido à necessidade de se corrigir um grande defeito na parede abdominal anterior, o que habitualmente demanda a lise de extensas aderências entre alças intestinais e o tecido cicatricial, sem que a hérnia incisional seja o resultado final. Neste trabalho, propomos uma técnica simples e inédita para esta reconstrução abdominal, sem tensão, utilizando tela de polipropileno sobre o tecido de granulação, sem necessidade de qualquer dissecção intra-peritoneal. MÉTODO: Descrição da técnica e estudo prospectivo de 17 pacientes submetidos à mesma entre 1998 e 2005. Foram analisados; a causa da laparostomia, o tempo entre a laparostomia e a reconstrução, o tempo operatório e a evolução pós-operatória imediata e tardia incluindo a incidência de hérnias incisionais. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 41 anos. As indicações da laparostomia foram; peritonite em oito pacientes, trauma abdominal em outros oito e pancreatite necrotizante em um. O tempo médio até a reconstrução abdominal foi de 14 meses. O tempo médio do procedimento cirúrgico foi de 130 minutos. O período médio de internação hospitalar foi de 2,6 dias para os 15 pacientes sem complicações pós-operatórias. Não houveram óbitos ou ocorrência de síndrome de compartimento abdominal relacionados à técnica. A média do período de acompanhamento pós-operatório é de 24 meses e até o momento não há ocorrência de hérnia incisional em todo o grupo. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica aqui proposta é de fácil execução e reprodutibilidade, torna desnecessária a manipulação da cavidade abdominal com conseqüente diminuição do risco de lesão de vísceras abdominais e proporciona o fechamento definitivo da laparostomia sem tensão. Esta técnica não acarretou síndrome de compartimento abdominal e nenhum paciente desenvolveu hérnia incisional até o momento.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal wall reconstruction is a critical and challenging step after laparostomy. We describe a simple tensionfree technique for abdominal wall reconstruction using prosthesis over the granulation tissue. METHODS: This technique is described and applied prospectively in 17 patients treated from 1998 to 2005. Time and indication for laparotomy surgical procedure duration and postoperative course were analyzed. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 41 years old. The indications for laparostomy were peritonitis in 8 patients, abdominal trauma in another 8 and necrotizing pancreatitis in one. Average time until abdominal reconstruction was 14 months. Mean operating time was 130 minutes. Average postoperative hospital length of stay was 2,6 days among patients without postoperative complications. There was no death or abdominal compartment syndrome related to the technique. Mean follow-up time was 24 months and there has been no evidence of incisional hernia up to now. CONCLUSION: The technique described is easy to perform and reproduce, avoids unnecessary manipulation of abdominal content and allows a tension-free repair. This technique showed no incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome and incisional hernia.